Punishment and Welfare in the Youth Justice System Essay

Punishment and Welfare in the Youth Justice System - Essay Example Historically, the debate over whether good practice in youth justice should reflect the punishment or welfare model has exercised policy-makers for over a century. From the 1960’s to the 1980’s, policy trends evolved toward the welfare model of punishment in which punishments are excluded, or are to be carefully adapted to the special needs of young people. In the 1980’s added attention was focused on juvenile offenders with policy makers instituting a stricter punishment-orientated juvenile justice system, for example, the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998, which established the Youth Justice Board and reduced the age of prosecution to 10 years.1 Youth justice procedures in the 21st century are mixed, not clearly reflecting either the punishment or welfare model of corrections. The use of the reprimands and warnings system attempts to travel both tracks, being tough on adolescent crime while believing that young offenders can, more than adults, be influenced positi vely with guidance during the warning phase of punishment. It also involves police and parents in the discipline of youths. Both public and governmental opinion suggests the debate of the effectiveness of punishment or welfare has not been resolved. While the retributive nature of the past has paled away and the adult-involved, rehabilitative approach has become predominant in juvenile justice, many call for increased punishment methods intertwined with the system of reprimands and warnings. A majority of parents want corporal punishment to be reintroduced in schools to tackle what they perceive is an increasing problem of classroom disorder.

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature review - Essay Example Man has its own structure according to his responsibilities, woman posse’s different structure as per her responsibilities. Men and women both created in couples but both posses different attributes and different lifestyles. Woman posses some traits completely different from man and man owns some characteristics entirely different from woman. Still, there is a competition lies between man and woman. No matter in which part of the world, they live but it’s so easy to find a tight competition between man and woman. Gender plays an important role in both human beings. Gender helps creating special traits in every man or woman. It is generally considered that men are strong and women are weak, there are thousands of differences on the basis of which it is usually said. Regardless of strength, there are many other factors that make woman different from man. Man are usually strong in feelings, they do not take care lots of small things in their life, while on the other hand, woman are always possessive about their relationship, their belongings etc. The word docility states the trait of being agreeably manageable and submissive. Docility can also be defined as the willingness and readiness to fulfill other wishes without considering own’s wish. ... The term docility also points Judith butler’s (1990) theory of gender performance. She points that individuals must constantly perform defined gender actions, in order to get away the social discipline that is experienced against queer sexuality. In the repetition of gender actions, actions are usually ignored and the avatar is usually considered as an internal identity. In this way, gender seems a docile body. For instance, Miroslaw Filiciak (2003) argues that the developing of identities in cyberspace is not so much in plenty from a self as it is a longed for chance of showing one’s self beyond physical limits. These expressions might not move beyond the gender actions and sexual norms that make the â€Å"self†. In the eyes of many sociologist, docility in the main concept of performance. Docility usually helps in identifying personal traits as per their gender specification; it also helps in understanding why individuals authorize with the agency to develop th eir own sexual world rather to perpetuate the identified norms of gender and sexuality. Conformity is the action of relating attributes, concepts, and actions to what human gender considers is usual of their community or social group. This determination appears in small units and society as a whole, and normally output from elusive unconscious shapes, or direct and overt social force. Conformity can appear in the presence of others, or when an individual has no one around him. For instance, people incline to obey social values when eating or watching their favorite plays, even when they have no one around them. A number of people normally conform from a wish of being safe within a unit generally in a group of a similar religion, unit,

Game and Basketball Essay Example for Free

Game and Basketball Essay Basketball has been a part of my life since I was eleven years old. To me basketball isnt just a sport, but a stress relief from schoolwork and a place where I can just be myself. Anytime I start to feel the stress of school, my family problems or work, I always use basketball as my way of getting away. The moment I step out onto the court I feel refreshed. My mind warps into this place of peace and I feel like I can do anything. I even sometimes believe that basketball is in my blood. I play representative and domestic basketball. Representative is when a player is on a real team that has practices and a playbook, domestic is when your just playing around with your friends. I do find that playing representative is way more enjoyable. The fact that Im playing with guys of the same age as myself, that have the same interest as I do, and the fact that there all as serious about basketball as I am is pretty cool too. Training and preparing for my games one of the hardest parts of the game. To play basketball, you have to be in good shape. We run, non-stop, for some days, this keeps our fitness levels up to the standards expected of us. Honesty I dont mind that kind of pain because I know that my skills are improving form all the training that we do. On other days, trainings usually consist of skill drills and running through the strategic motion plays for out basketball games. Overall, I play because I LOVE the sport. The best part of the week is when I have games. When the final bell of school rings, I become exited about the game that I have been preparing so hard for. The best part of the season is the finals. Everyone is so exacted to be there. Being able to play in the finals and knowing that if you win you get a trophy is very motivating. Having your friends and family cheering for you on the court sides is also motivating as well (but also nerve ranking too). Every time you score a goal and hearing everyone roaring with excitement, is the most motivating thing when your out there on the court. Basketball has grown to be a tremendous piece of my life. I know that many people think that basketball is just a sport, but for me, its a way of living life. **Questions- Step 1: introduce yourself and let the coach know that your interested in the team. Step 2: describe your #1 strength as a player Step 3: wat do u hope to get out of your college experience **Answers- My name is Tyreek Wardlaw. I am African American weighing at one hundred and thirty pounds with a five foot six height. I am very interested in playing college basketball as i move on to the next challenge in my life. My number one strength in the way I play basketball is my mindset and mental skill of the game. I have a high basketball IQ and a positive attitude for basketball even if myself or my teammates are struggling throughout a game or even a season. Being a point guard I think the most important thing is to stay focused and keep your head in the game. A point guard shouldnt get frustrated after a bad call or a bad shot, he should keep his mind clear and think positive throughout the whole game. A positive point guard equals positive results. In my college experience I hope to succeed academically. Not only do I want to play basketball but I want to become something more when I get out of college. I know its going to be hard work but Im ready for the challenge. I hope that your interested in me enough so that I can play the game I love at your college.

Molecular Aspects of Biofilm Essay -- Biology, Cluster of Cells

Almost all bacteria are known to have certain stage of life where they live in form of biofilms. A biofilm is nothing but cluster of cells embedded within a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface (Costerton et al, 1995). Development of biofilm begins with the attachment of planktonic bacteria to a surface, initially through weak and reversible Van der Waals forces and then anchors itself irreversibly by cell adhesion structures such as pili. The primary colonizers facilitate the arrival of other cells by producing polymeric adhesion matrix that also holds the biofilm together (Costerton et al, 1995). In course of colonization and maturation of biofilm, cells communicate via quorum sensing which also leads to phenotypic and genotypic changes in cells (Diggle et al, 2007). This development of biofilm confers bacterial cells higher antibiotic resistant and immunity to environmental insults. Enhanced antibiotic resistance due to biofilm development impo ses increasing concerns in antimicrobial therapy, especially when it comes to biomedical devices associated infections (Donlan, 2001). According to an estimate, contamination of surgical instruments by biofilm increases approximately 1.6 billion dollars in hospital expenditures annually in United States of America (Gupta et al, 2002). Biofilms not only cause nuisance in clinical aspects but they also create a number of serious problems in industrial operations like in fluid processing operations, mechanical blockages, impedance of heat transfer process, and biodeterioration of components of metallic and polymeric systems that results in loss of billions of rupees each year (Rao et al, 1993 and 2009; Fleming, 2002; Boffardi, 2005). Pseudomonas aerugi... ...s censored i.e. some part of sample may lost before the final outcome is speculated or speculation itself is incomplete (Kaplan & Meier, 1958). In KM survival plot, survival probability is measured after certain time periods and between two sampling time points survival probability is assumed to be constant so as an outcome we speculate a series of horizontals steps of survival probability over a period of time (Bland & Altman, 1998). Survival probability was calculated as P=Nt/N. Where P is survival probability, N0 is initial number of cells, Nt is number of viable cells after giving biocide doses at t time. Standard error in P was calculated as SE=√[P(1-p)/N] The upper and lower limit of 95% confidence interval were calculated as =PÂ ±1.96*SE. The upper limit of probability of survival of cells at different doses were taken into account for plotting the graph. Molecular Aspects of Biofilm Essay -- Biology, Cluster of Cells Almost all bacteria are known to have certain stage of life where they live in form of biofilms. A biofilm is nothing but cluster of cells embedded within a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface (Costerton et al, 1995). Development of biofilm begins with the attachment of planktonic bacteria to a surface, initially through weak and reversible Van der Waals forces and then anchors itself irreversibly by cell adhesion structures such as pili. The primary colonizers facilitate the arrival of other cells by producing polymeric adhesion matrix that also holds the biofilm together (Costerton et al, 1995). In course of colonization and maturation of biofilm, cells communicate via quorum sensing which also leads to phenotypic and genotypic changes in cells (Diggle et al, 2007). This development of biofilm confers bacterial cells higher antibiotic resistant and immunity to environmental insults. Enhanced antibiotic resistance due to biofilm development impo ses increasing concerns in antimicrobial therapy, especially when it comes to biomedical devices associated infections (Donlan, 2001). According to an estimate, contamination of surgical instruments by biofilm increases approximately 1.6 billion dollars in hospital expenditures annually in United States of America (Gupta et al, 2002). Biofilms not only cause nuisance in clinical aspects but they also create a number of serious problems in industrial operations like in fluid processing operations, mechanical blockages, impedance of heat transfer process, and biodeterioration of components of metallic and polymeric systems that results in loss of billions of rupees each year (Rao et al, 1993 and 2009; Fleming, 2002; Boffardi, 2005). Pseudomonas aerugi... ...s censored i.e. some part of sample may lost before the final outcome is speculated or speculation itself is incomplete (Kaplan & Meier, 1958). In KM survival plot, survival probability is measured after certain time periods and between two sampling time points survival probability is assumed to be constant so as an outcome we speculate a series of horizontals steps of survival probability over a period of time (Bland & Altman, 1998). Survival probability was calculated as P=Nt/N. Where P is survival probability, N0 is initial number of cells, Nt is number of viable cells after giving biocide doses at t time. Standard error in P was calculated as SE=√[P(1-p)/N] The upper and lower limit of 95% confidence interval were calculated as =PÂ ±1.96*SE. The upper limit of probability of survival of cells at different doses were taken into account for plotting the graph.

Martha Stewart

Martha Stewart a known celebrity and founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (a business which is built on showing others how to cost effectively manage and decorate the home), who was given a tip by Douglas Fanueil and Mr. Bacanovic, employees of the Merrill Lynch brokerage company. This tip which broke the confidentiality policy of the brokerage company led to the subsequent sale of Martha’s shares in the ImClone company during the latter company’s blackout period with the effects of causing the share price of ImClone’s share to drop and the share price of shares of the Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia to drop after the scandal broke that Martha had engaged in insider trading. Through a series of events, she, her broker and his assistant were subsequently prosecuted and sentenced. In this case study, we will be examining how the public perceived Martha Stewart’s actions and also the penalties that were imposed. We will also look at how her decisions impacted and also provided major setbacks to her business because of her insider trading scandal on the Imclone Systems Incorporated. By carrying out this research, we as a group would determine if the blame should be placed on her or not and also determine if the fines were adequate for the crime committed. 1.Did Martha Stewart commit the crime of insider trading when she sold her ImClone shares on December 27, 2001? We believe that Martha Stewart was guilty of insider trading. The justifications for our point are as follows: a) Martha Stewart was told by Mr. Faneuil (under direction from his boss who was also Ms. Stewart’s stockbroker) that the largest stockholders of ImClone (Sam Waksal and his daughter Aliza) had sold all their shares in the company on that same day, December 27th, and she immediately sold hers as well. This in itself was a breach of client confidentiality and insider information because no one knew about it but their stockbrokers. By virtue of the position Mr. Bacanovic (Mr. Faneuil’s boss) at the brokerage company of Merril Lynch he was not to mention or discuss the actions of any of his other clients. b) Even though Martha Stewart did not know about the FDA’s unfavourable report about ImClone, the sudden ‘dumping’ of the shares on the market was enough for her to speculate that there must be something wrong and that she should get her shares sold as quickly as possible in order to obtain the best possible share price or avoid a loss. Tipped with the knowledge of the Waksals actions and her intuition of imminent disaster she ordered that her shares in that company be sold as quickly as possible. c) She called Sam Waksal as soon as she received the tip-off in the hopes of obtaining the reason behind their actions. d) When investigated by criminal authorities she instructed her secretary to change the original message the secretary wrote from Mr. Bacanovic and then thought better of it and advised the secretary to revise the changes and restore the original message. She also lied repeatedly to criminal authorities on the real reason behind the sudden sale of her shares. 2.Did the U.S. Attorneys and the Securities and Exchange Commission use good judgment in the indictment of Martha Stewart? Do you believe that her indictment was based on evidence of a serious crime, or do you believe that prosecutors consciously or unconsciously had additional motives for pursuing the case? It is our belief that good judgment was exercised in indicting Martha Stewart. The indictment was based on the evidence of reasonable intent. Martha Stewart on hearing of the actions of the Waksals, and making reasonable judgments that the company was in trouble, intended that she should not make a loss on her investment in ImClone and made immediate moves and succeeded in selling her shares in the company for a profit of $228,000. If she had waited until December 28th when the share price fell to $45.39 per share she would have made only $178, 292, a loss of $49,708. Also the trading of Martha Stewart’s shares occurred during the company’s blackout period which commenced on December 21st. At this time no shares from the company were permitted to occur and the stockbrokers at Merrill Lynch would have known that and should have advised their clients accordingly. It is our belief that prosecutors might consciously have had additional motives for pursuing the case. Martha Stewart a celebrity of high profile would sell newspapers if investigated and later indicted. A prosecutor who was able to make a strong, believable case would bring fame to himself/herself and possibly new job opportunities. 3. Do you agree with the jury that she was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges? We agree with the jury that Martha Stewart was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges. To establish a reasonable doubt of conspiracy, four main things must occur: a) Two or more persons in some way or manner, coming to a mutual understanding, in trying to accomplish a common and unlawful plan as charged in the indictment. An example of this includes the breakfast meeting between Martha Stewart and Peter Bacanovic on January 16th – after the sale of the shares – to construct a statement that they reproduced to the criminal authorities – that is, that Martha had agreed to sell her shares if the share price fell below $60.00 per share. Another example was illustrated when Douglas Faneuil was persuaded by his boss (Peter Bacanovic) to agree to the conspiracy constructed by his boss that there was a $60 stop-loss order on Martha Stewart’s ImClone shares. b) The person willfully became a member of such a conspiracy. Mr. Fanueil accepted a bribe from his boss (Peter Bacanovic) in the form of an extra week of vacation and a paid trip, so that he would not reveal the fact that Martha Stewart had been tipped off. Fanueil’s actions were acts of choice. c) That one of the conspirators during the existence of the conspiracy knowingly committed at least one of the methods (or overt act) described in the indictment. Bacanovic and Stewart repeatedly lied to the government agencies and attorneys in order to try to hamper the investigations. Bacanovic tampered the worksheet by adding â€Å"@60† near the entry for Stewart’s shares of Imclone. d) That such ‘overt act’ was a knowingly committed act done in order to carry out or accomplish some object of the conspiracy. Justification of this was seen when Bacanovic informed Faneuil that he must call Stewart to inform her of the Waksal’s actions. He decided to leave the message with Stewart’s administrative assistant in order for her to receive the message to allow her to carry out or give instructions on what actions to take. Faneuil had asked Bacanovic if he was allowed to tell Stewart and he stated â€Å"Of course that’s the whole point† On realizing what the written policy inside of the office stated he was very worried. Obstruction of justice is a crime. It is an offense that arises when someone tries to prevent, impede or influence the administration of justice, for example, bribing a juror, threatening a judge or encouraging false testimony. Obstruction of justice occurred when Stewart and Mr. Bacanovic conspired and continuously lied about the reason why Stewart sold her shares in an effort to hamper investigations. One such lie was the prearranged plan to sell Stewart’s shares if the price fell below $60 per share. 4. Was her punishment, including both imprisonment and fines appropriate? Were the punishment of Peter Bacanovic and Douglas Faneuil appropriate? We agree that the punishment imposed on Martha Stewart was a little too lenient. Due to her actions after being tipped off, she was able to make a profit of approximately $50,000, thus a fine of $30,000 still meant that she was gaining approximately $20,000. We believe that all of her profits should have been disgorged as compared to her wealth the amount is relatively small anyway. The imprisonment of five months imprisonment and then five months of home confinement, we believe was a suitable length of time. The relinquishing of her duties to act as an officer of a public company did not do her any damage as she still drew the same salary as she was accustomed to and even had a bonus. In her after-sentencing statement, she said that this had been no more than a personal matter that had been blown out of proportion; this in itself indicates that she was not remorseful about her actions. Whether these punishments were a deterrent for future action is questionable as Martha Stewart still violated the terms of her house arrest and this had to be subsequently extended for three weeks. We think that the punishments imposed on both Peter Bacanovic and Douglas Faneuil were inappropriate. First we look at Douglas Faneuil. Although he was following the instructions of his boss, he knew what he was told to do was wrong. He knew there was a displayed, written office policy with respect to client information privacy. He accepted a bribe from Mr. Bacanovic and waited approximately seven months after the incident before coming forward with the truth. A short term of imprisonment at a minimum security facility might have been added. With respect to Mr. Bacanovic, his penalties should have been harsher. His position at Merrill Lynch afforded him access to certain non-public information and as such his actions should have been within the law. He disregarded the policies of the company with respect to confidentiality, he also used his position to influence and bribe another employee of the company to comply with a conspiracy in the commitment of insider trading and he also conspired with his client Martha, to concoct an alibi to avoid prosecution by the government. He should have been given a heavier fine since he was the main person behind the scandal and had gained commission on the sale of both the Waksal and the Stewart shares. Also a longer term of imprisonment would have been fitting, maybe a term of two years.

Rampant Violence Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 893 Words

Rampant violence fills Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Violence is a reoccurring reality within the novel’s society. The novel’s most detrimental act of violence towards its people and their own individuality is the action of removing information and truths about different subjects. The most explicit example of this censoring of the truth and information is the burning of books by the firefighters in Fahrenheit 451. Destroying and eroding the truths and information of the world allows the controlling powers of the society to manipulate their people; the censorship intends to cause people to become less antagonistic towards one another and society. The society hopefully becomes easier to control and easier to appease. However, Bradbury’s assertion is that violence and conflict is still present within a society that censors truth and burns books. The powers responsible for the censoring and burning of books in Fahrenheit 451 are the people within the dystopia . Beatty in the book explains to Montag that burning the books is a direct response to the people. He explains that burning of the books is actually beneficial and not harmful to society. Beatty explains how â€Å"the public, knowing what it† (Bradbury 57) wants and with the help of â€Å"technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure† (58) the people â€Å"can stay happy all the time.† (58) A society that is happy all the time is unachievable. Evading conflicts and not challenging one’s beliefs makes for a happy, content and

The American Nurses Association Code Of Ethics - 922 Words

According to this case, a patient, who has not told his family that he has been living with HIV and AIDS for 14 years, has been admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Before he fell into a coma, he disclosed to doctors that he did not want his family to know that he has HIV or AIDS. However, he does have a durable power of attorney, his brother, who has arrived at the hospital. Unfortunately, whether the doctor decides to uphold the patient’s request to keep the patient’s information quiet or decides to divulge information about the patient’s HIV and AIDS to his durable power of attorney, the doctor will have to break an ethical responsibility. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics established the ethical standard for the profession and provides a guide for nurses to use in decision making. The code includes provisions as well as principles that serves as a guide that nurses must follow in order to make the right choices at critical times. However, following one provision or principle may transgress another. The American Nurses Association (2015) includes the following principles: †¢ Autonomy: â€Å"Rational self-legislation and self-determination that is grounded in informedness, voluntariness, consent and rationality.† †¢ Beneficence: â€Å"The bioethical principle of benefitting others by preventing harm, removing harmful conditions, or affirmatively acting to benefit another or others, often going beyond what is required by law.† †¢ Nonmaleficence: â€Å"The bioethical principleShow MoreRelated The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics Essay1756 Words   |  8 PagesThe American Nurses Association (ANA) is an organization with a strong ethical foundation. Nurses in general are known as an honest and trustworthy profession in the United States. This reputation was created because of nursing organizations like the ANA. In this paper the ANA’s goals are described and tied to their ethical principles. 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