Game and Basketball Essay Example for Free

Game and Basketball Essay Basketball has been a part of my life since I was eleven years old. To me basketball isnt just a sport, but a stress relief from schoolwork and a place where I can just be myself. Anytime I start to feel the stress of school, my family problems or work, I always use basketball as my way of getting away. The moment I step out onto the court I feel refreshed. My mind warps into this place of peace and I feel like I can do anything. I even sometimes believe that basketball is in my blood. I play representative and domestic basketball. Representative is when a player is on a real team that has practices and a playbook, domestic is when your just playing around with your friends. I do find that playing representative is way more enjoyable. The fact that Im playing with guys of the same age as myself, that have the same interest as I do, and the fact that there all as serious about basketball as I am is pretty cool too. Training and preparing for my games one of the hardest parts of the game. To play basketball, you have to be in good shape. We run, non-stop, for some days, this keeps our fitness levels up to the standards expected of us. Honesty I dont mind that kind of pain because I know that my skills are improving form all the training that we do. On other days, trainings usually consist of skill drills and running through the strategic motion plays for out basketball games. Overall, I play because I LOVE the sport. The best part of the week is when I have games. When the final bell of school rings, I become exited about the game that I have been preparing so hard for. The best part of the season is the finals. Everyone is so exacted to be there. Being able to play in the finals and knowing that if you win you get a trophy is very motivating. Having your friends and family cheering for you on the court sides is also motivating as well (but also nerve ranking too). Every time you score a goal and hearing everyone roaring with excitement, is the most motivating thing when your out there on the court. Basketball has grown to be a tremendous piece of my life. I know that many people think that basketball is just a sport, but for me, its a way of living life. **Questions- Step 1: introduce yourself and let the coach know that your interested in the team. Step 2: describe your #1 strength as a player Step 3: wat do u hope to get out of your college experience **Answers- My name is Tyreek Wardlaw. I am African American weighing at one hundred and thirty pounds with a five foot six height. I am very interested in playing college basketball as i move on to the next challenge in my life. My number one strength in the way I play basketball is my mindset and mental skill of the game. I have a high basketball IQ and a positive attitude for basketball even if myself or my teammates are struggling throughout a game or even a season. Being a point guard I think the most important thing is to stay focused and keep your head in the game. A point guard shouldnt get frustrated after a bad call or a bad shot, he should keep his mind clear and think positive throughout the whole game. A positive point guard equals positive results. In my college experience I hope to succeed academically. Not only do I want to play basketball but I want to become something more when I get out of college. I know its going to be hard work but Im ready for the challenge. I hope that your interested in me enough so that I can play the game I love at your college.

Molecular Aspects of Biofilm Essay -- Biology, Cluster of Cells

Almost all bacteria are known to have certain stage of life where they live in form of biofilms. A biofilm is nothing but cluster of cells embedded within a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface (Costerton et al, 1995). Development of biofilm begins with the attachment of planktonic bacteria to a surface, initially through weak and reversible Van der Waals forces and then anchors itself irreversibly by cell adhesion structures such as pili. The primary colonizers facilitate the arrival of other cells by producing polymeric adhesion matrix that also holds the biofilm together (Costerton et al, 1995). In course of colonization and maturation of biofilm, cells communicate via quorum sensing which also leads to phenotypic and genotypic changes in cells (Diggle et al, 2007). This development of biofilm confers bacterial cells higher antibiotic resistant and immunity to environmental insults. Enhanced antibiotic resistance due to biofilm development impo ses increasing concerns in antimicrobial therapy, especially when it comes to biomedical devices associated infections (Donlan, 2001). According to an estimate, contamination of surgical instruments by biofilm increases approximately 1.6 billion dollars in hospital expenditures annually in United States of America (Gupta et al, 2002). Biofilms not only cause nuisance in clinical aspects but they also create a number of serious problems in industrial operations like in fluid processing operations, mechanical blockages, impedance of heat transfer process, and biodeterioration of components of metallic and polymeric systems that results in loss of billions of rupees each year (Rao et al, 1993 and 2009; Fleming, 2002; Boffardi, 2005). Pseudomonas aerugi... ...s censored i.e. some part of sample may lost before the final outcome is speculated or speculation itself is incomplete (Kaplan & Meier, 1958). In KM survival plot, survival probability is measured after certain time periods and between two sampling time points survival probability is assumed to be constant so as an outcome we speculate a series of horizontals steps of survival probability over a period of time (Bland & Altman, 1998). Survival probability was calculated as P=Nt/N. Where P is survival probability, N0 is initial number of cells, Nt is number of viable cells after giving biocide doses at t time. Standard error in P was calculated as SE=√[P(1-p)/N] The upper and lower limit of 95% confidence interval were calculated as =PÂ ±1.96*SE. The upper limit of probability of survival of cells at different doses were taken into account for plotting the graph. Molecular Aspects of Biofilm Essay -- Biology, Cluster of Cells Almost all bacteria are known to have certain stage of life where they live in form of biofilms. A biofilm is nothing but cluster of cells embedded within a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface (Costerton et al, 1995). Development of biofilm begins with the attachment of planktonic bacteria to a surface, initially through weak and reversible Van der Waals forces and then anchors itself irreversibly by cell adhesion structures such as pili. The primary colonizers facilitate the arrival of other cells by producing polymeric adhesion matrix that also holds the biofilm together (Costerton et al, 1995). In course of colonization and maturation of biofilm, cells communicate via quorum sensing which also leads to phenotypic and genotypic changes in cells (Diggle et al, 2007). This development of biofilm confers bacterial cells higher antibiotic resistant and immunity to environmental insults. Enhanced antibiotic resistance due to biofilm development impo ses increasing concerns in antimicrobial therapy, especially when it comes to biomedical devices associated infections (Donlan, 2001). According to an estimate, contamination of surgical instruments by biofilm increases approximately 1.6 billion dollars in hospital expenditures annually in United States of America (Gupta et al, 2002). Biofilms not only cause nuisance in clinical aspects but they also create a number of serious problems in industrial operations like in fluid processing operations, mechanical blockages, impedance of heat transfer process, and biodeterioration of components of metallic and polymeric systems that results in loss of billions of rupees each year (Rao et al, 1993 and 2009; Fleming, 2002; Boffardi, 2005). Pseudomonas aerugi... ...s censored i.e. some part of sample may lost before the final outcome is speculated or speculation itself is incomplete (Kaplan & Meier, 1958). In KM survival plot, survival probability is measured after certain time periods and between two sampling time points survival probability is assumed to be constant so as an outcome we speculate a series of horizontals steps of survival probability over a period of time (Bland & Altman, 1998). Survival probability was calculated as P=Nt/N. Where P is survival probability, N0 is initial number of cells, Nt is number of viable cells after giving biocide doses at t time. Standard error in P was calculated as SE=√[P(1-p)/N] The upper and lower limit of 95% confidence interval were calculated as =PÂ ±1.96*SE. The upper limit of probability of survival of cells at different doses were taken into account for plotting the graph.

Martha Stewart

Martha Stewart a known celebrity and founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (a business which is built on showing others how to cost effectively manage and decorate the home), who was given a tip by Douglas Fanueil and Mr. Bacanovic, employees of the Merrill Lynch brokerage company. This tip which broke the confidentiality policy of the brokerage company led to the subsequent sale of Martha’s shares in the ImClone company during the latter company’s blackout period with the effects of causing the share price of ImClone’s share to drop and the share price of shares of the Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia to drop after the scandal broke that Martha had engaged in insider trading. Through a series of events, she, her broker and his assistant were subsequently prosecuted and sentenced. In this case study, we will be examining how the public perceived Martha Stewart’s actions and also the penalties that were imposed. We will also look at how her decisions impacted and also provided major setbacks to her business because of her insider trading scandal on the Imclone Systems Incorporated. By carrying out this research, we as a group would determine if the blame should be placed on her or not and also determine if the fines were adequate for the crime committed. 1.Did Martha Stewart commit the crime of insider trading when she sold her ImClone shares on December 27, 2001? We believe that Martha Stewart was guilty of insider trading. The justifications for our point are as follows: a) Martha Stewart was told by Mr. Faneuil (under direction from his boss who was also Ms. Stewart’s stockbroker) that the largest stockholders of ImClone (Sam Waksal and his daughter Aliza) had sold all their shares in the company on that same day, December 27th, and she immediately sold hers as well. This in itself was a breach of client confidentiality and insider information because no one knew about it but their stockbrokers. By virtue of the position Mr. Bacanovic (Mr. Faneuil’s boss) at the brokerage company of Merril Lynch he was not to mention or discuss the actions of any of his other clients. b) Even though Martha Stewart did not know about the FDA’s unfavourable report about ImClone, the sudden ‘dumping’ of the shares on the market was enough for her to speculate that there must be something wrong and that she should get her shares sold as quickly as possible in order to obtain the best possible share price or avoid a loss. Tipped with the knowledge of the Waksals actions and her intuition of imminent disaster she ordered that her shares in that company be sold as quickly as possible. c) She called Sam Waksal as soon as she received the tip-off in the hopes of obtaining the reason behind their actions. d) When investigated by criminal authorities she instructed her secretary to change the original message the secretary wrote from Mr. Bacanovic and then thought better of it and advised the secretary to revise the changes and restore the original message. She also lied repeatedly to criminal authorities on the real reason behind the sudden sale of her shares. 2.Did the U.S. Attorneys and the Securities and Exchange Commission use good judgment in the indictment of Martha Stewart? Do you believe that her indictment was based on evidence of a serious crime, or do you believe that prosecutors consciously or unconsciously had additional motives for pursuing the case? It is our belief that good judgment was exercised in indicting Martha Stewart. The indictment was based on the evidence of reasonable intent. Martha Stewart on hearing of the actions of the Waksals, and making reasonable judgments that the company was in trouble, intended that she should not make a loss on her investment in ImClone and made immediate moves and succeeded in selling her shares in the company for a profit of $228,000. If she had waited until December 28th when the share price fell to $45.39 per share she would have made only $178, 292, a loss of $49,708. Also the trading of Martha Stewart’s shares occurred during the company’s blackout period which commenced on December 21st. At this time no shares from the company were permitted to occur and the stockbrokers at Merrill Lynch would have known that and should have advised their clients accordingly. It is our belief that prosecutors might consciously have had additional motives for pursuing the case. Martha Stewart a celebrity of high profile would sell newspapers if investigated and later indicted. A prosecutor who was able to make a strong, believable case would bring fame to himself/herself and possibly new job opportunities. 3. Do you agree with the jury that she was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges? We agree with the jury that Martha Stewart was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the conspiracy and obstruction of justice charges. To establish a reasonable doubt of conspiracy, four main things must occur: a) Two or more persons in some way or manner, coming to a mutual understanding, in trying to accomplish a common and unlawful plan as charged in the indictment. An example of this includes the breakfast meeting between Martha Stewart and Peter Bacanovic on January 16th – after the sale of the shares – to construct a statement that they reproduced to the criminal authorities – that is, that Martha had agreed to sell her shares if the share price fell below $60.00 per share. Another example was illustrated when Douglas Faneuil was persuaded by his boss (Peter Bacanovic) to agree to the conspiracy constructed by his boss that there was a $60 stop-loss order on Martha Stewart’s ImClone shares. b) The person willfully became a member of such a conspiracy. Mr. Fanueil accepted a bribe from his boss (Peter Bacanovic) in the form of an extra week of vacation and a paid trip, so that he would not reveal the fact that Martha Stewart had been tipped off. Fanueil’s actions were acts of choice. c) That one of the conspirators during the existence of the conspiracy knowingly committed at least one of the methods (or overt act) described in the indictment. Bacanovic and Stewart repeatedly lied to the government agencies and attorneys in order to try to hamper the investigations. Bacanovic tampered the worksheet by adding â€Å"@60† near the entry for Stewart’s shares of Imclone. d) That such ‘overt act’ was a knowingly committed act done in order to carry out or accomplish some object of the conspiracy. Justification of this was seen when Bacanovic informed Faneuil that he must call Stewart to inform her of the Waksal’s actions. He decided to leave the message with Stewart’s administrative assistant in order for her to receive the message to allow her to carry out or give instructions on what actions to take. Faneuil had asked Bacanovic if he was allowed to tell Stewart and he stated â€Å"Of course that’s the whole point† On realizing what the written policy inside of the office stated he was very worried. Obstruction of justice is a crime. It is an offense that arises when someone tries to prevent, impede or influence the administration of justice, for example, bribing a juror, threatening a judge or encouraging false testimony. Obstruction of justice occurred when Stewart and Mr. Bacanovic conspired and continuously lied about the reason why Stewart sold her shares in an effort to hamper investigations. One such lie was the prearranged plan to sell Stewart’s shares if the price fell below $60 per share. 4. Was her punishment, including both imprisonment and fines appropriate? Were the punishment of Peter Bacanovic and Douglas Faneuil appropriate? We agree that the punishment imposed on Martha Stewart was a little too lenient. Due to her actions after being tipped off, she was able to make a profit of approximately $50,000, thus a fine of $30,000 still meant that she was gaining approximately $20,000. We believe that all of her profits should have been disgorged as compared to her wealth the amount is relatively small anyway. The imprisonment of five months imprisonment and then five months of home confinement, we believe was a suitable length of time. The relinquishing of her duties to act as an officer of a public company did not do her any damage as she still drew the same salary as she was accustomed to and even had a bonus. In her after-sentencing statement, she said that this had been no more than a personal matter that had been blown out of proportion; this in itself indicates that she was not remorseful about her actions. Whether these punishments were a deterrent for future action is questionable as Martha Stewart still violated the terms of her house arrest and this had to be subsequently extended for three weeks. We think that the punishments imposed on both Peter Bacanovic and Douglas Faneuil were inappropriate. First we look at Douglas Faneuil. Although he was following the instructions of his boss, he knew what he was told to do was wrong. He knew there was a displayed, written office policy with respect to client information privacy. He accepted a bribe from Mr. Bacanovic and waited approximately seven months after the incident before coming forward with the truth. A short term of imprisonment at a minimum security facility might have been added. With respect to Mr. Bacanovic, his penalties should have been harsher. His position at Merrill Lynch afforded him access to certain non-public information and as such his actions should have been within the law. He disregarded the policies of the company with respect to confidentiality, he also used his position to influence and bribe another employee of the company to comply with a conspiracy in the commitment of insider trading and he also conspired with his client Martha, to concoct an alibi to avoid prosecution by the government. He should have been given a heavier fine since he was the main person behind the scandal and had gained commission on the sale of both the Waksal and the Stewart shares. Also a longer term of imprisonment would have been fitting, maybe a term of two years.

Rampant Violence Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 893 Words

Rampant violence fills Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Violence is a reoccurring reality within the novel’s society. The novel’s most detrimental act of violence towards its people and their own individuality is the action of removing information and truths about different subjects. The most explicit example of this censoring of the truth and information is the burning of books by the firefighters in Fahrenheit 451. Destroying and eroding the truths and information of the world allows the controlling powers of the society to manipulate their people; the censorship intends to cause people to become less antagonistic towards one another and society. The society hopefully becomes easier to control and easier to appease. However, Bradbury’s assertion is that violence and conflict is still present within a society that censors truth and burns books. The powers responsible for the censoring and burning of books in Fahrenheit 451 are the people within the dystopia . Beatty in the book explains to Montag that burning the books is a direct response to the people. He explains that burning of the books is actually beneficial and not harmful to society. Beatty explains how â€Å"the public, knowing what it† (Bradbury 57) wants and with the help of â€Å"technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure† (58) the people â€Å"can stay happy all the time.† (58) A society that is happy all the time is unachievable. Evading conflicts and not challenging one’s beliefs makes for a happy, content and

The American Nurses Association Code Of Ethics - 922 Words

According to this case, a patient, who has not told his family that he has been living with HIV and AIDS for 14 years, has been admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Before he fell into a coma, he disclosed to doctors that he did not want his family to know that he has HIV or AIDS. However, he does have a durable power of attorney, his brother, who has arrived at the hospital. Unfortunately, whether the doctor decides to uphold the patient’s request to keep the patient’s information quiet or decides to divulge information about the patient’s HIV and AIDS to his durable power of attorney, the doctor will have to break an ethical responsibility. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics established the ethical standard for the profession and provides a guide for nurses to use in decision making. The code includes provisions as well as principles that serves as a guide that nurses must follow in order to make the right choices at critical times. However, following one provision or principle may transgress another. The American Nurses Association (2015) includes the following principles: †¢ Autonomy: â€Å"Rational self-legislation and self-determination that is grounded in informedness, voluntariness, consent and rationality.† †¢ Beneficence: â€Å"The bioethical principle of benefitting others by preventing harm, removing harmful conditions, or affirmatively acting to benefit another or others, often going beyond what is required by law.† †¢ Nonmaleficence: â€Å"The bioethical principleShow MoreRelated The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics Essay1756 Words   |  8 PagesThe American Nurses Association (ANA) is an organization with a strong ethical foundation. Nurses in general are known as an honest and trustworthy profession in the United States. This reputation was created because of nursing organizations like the ANA. In this paper the ANA’s goals are described and tied to their ethical principles. 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It consists of nine provisions with interpretations grouped into three general areas. The Code of Ethics is written by nurses for nurses to give directions in situations when ambiguous situations arise and difficult moral decision must be made. The nursing Code of Ethics is constantly revised and this paper will exploreRead MoreBreach Of Ethics And The Tuskegee Study1455 Words   |  6 PagesBreach of Ethics Provisions in the Tuskegee study shown in the movie, Miss Evers’ Boys] The nursing code of Ethics was developed to improve the quality of nursing care and ethical responsibilities of the Registered Nurse. The first formal Nursing Code of Ethics was established in 1950 (American Nurses Association, 2015). In 1926, the American Nurses Association adopted a â€Å"suggested† code that gave an outline of ethical behavior for nurses (American Nurses Association, 2015). By following the Nursing

Morality Is The Quality Of Being Morally Right - 1193 Words

Morality is the quality of being morally right. Thoreau views morality as acting on one’s conscience. Conscience is a faculty that God gives to every man so he can discern between right and wrong. Its verdicts are consistent across different circumstances, and across time. Therefore, morality is absolute. In this section, Thoreau explores ways in which people justify not acting according to their consciences. However, Thoreau maintains the conviction that nothing can excuse withholding what is morally right. Thoreau focuses his point on â€Å"patrons of virtue.† A patron of virtue is a person who understands and supports the right, but does not act on what he knows. He introduces this group using a verse, which reads, A drab of state, a†¦show more content†¦The majority will likely only ‘abolish slavery’ through law when their culture has already deemed it null. Thoreau believes only men who live by conscience can actually abolish slavery. These men show their desires in their votes, but their choices to not need to prevail. These men know that only their individual actions on conscience can cause the change they know is right. Thoreau also believes that expediency cannot substitute for morality. He cites the philosopher William Paley, who claims that â€Å"the justice of every particular case of resistance is reduced to a computation of the quantity of the danger and grievance on the one side, and of the probability and expense of redressing it on the other (79). Paley argues that the morally correct action in any scenario requires only comparing the costs o the actions on either side. Thoreau understands that many apply Paley’s theory to cases dealing with morality, which is evident when he calls Paley â€Å"a common authority with many on moral questions† (79). Those who would use Paley’s statement as a way to judge morally correct action would not disown the United States government for its acceptance of slavery, because it would cause â€Å"unnecessary† grievance on their own part, and inconvenience to the authorities. However, Thoreau says that Paley’s view only app lies where the rule of expediency applies, or where only non-moral questionsShow MoreRelatedRam s Morality And Morality1356 Words   |  6 PagesCullen Lemieux Period 2 World literature Mr. Neely Ram’s Morality Many people struggle or debate over the topic of morality, and many people are mistaken as to who really judges what is moral or immoral. The only person who can decide whether an act is morally right or wrong is God. Within Slumdog Millionaire, there are many actions and ideas that can be considered morally good or morally bad according to the Christian views of morality. Ram Muhammad Thomas is debated over when it comes to the topicRead MorePersonhood Refereed As Self Awareness Theory872 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept is intentional doing; if a person is able to do things internationally then he or she qualifies to be a human according to the theory. The founder of this theory states that this is the main reason why chimpanzees are not categorized as human beings (DeGrazia 38). Applying it in the book, Kathy was making her decisions intentionally. For example, she decided on become Tommy’s carer intentionally. She also worked as a care in her life out of her intentions. Thi s shows that the author of the bookRead MoreWhat Is A Good Life?1139 Words   |  5 Pagesduty and one’s right to live as well as possible. Early Western philosophers, including Plato and Aristotle, have suggested that to live well is to live morally. However, as argued by Dworkin in his essay â€Å"What is a Good Life?† high morality does not necessarily equate a high standard of living. 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The underlying central argument of the debate is whether the morality requires a religious foundation or not. While the voluntarists claim that morality does require a religious foundation, non-voluntarists assert that it doesn’t. David Brink and George Mavrodes argues with this theme of voluntarist and non-voluntarist. My essay will largely focus on the strengths and weakness of both voluntarists andRead MoreThe Between Morality And The Gods959 Words   |  4 Pages That is, there are some things that are right or good in and of themselves, conversely there are certain acts that are wrong in and of themselves. In following with the second option, i.e. that the gods love things because they are good, this forces one to admit that things are good separate from the gods; the things the gods love are pious regardless of the gods love. This means that the gods cannot cause morality in any way. 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Therefore, Divine Command Theory claims that morality is ultimately based on the commands or character of God, and that the morally right action is the one that God command. The specific content of these divine commands varies according to the particular religion and the particular views of the individual divine command theorist, but all versions of the theory hold in common the claim that morality and moralRead MoreThe Long Standing Debate On Ethics1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe long-standing debate on ethics is far from being solved; however, two philosophers have formulated their own theories in determining whether an action is good or bad. John Stuart Mill focuses on a utilitarian perspective and utilizes the idea of consequentialism and on the other hand, Immanuel Kant avoids the consequenti alist argument and supports a deontological perspective in analyzing morality and ethics. Both arguments, valid as they may be, strongly contradict one another, mostly on theRead MoreKants Views on Morality949 Words   |  4 PagesMorality has been a subject of many philosophical discussions that has prompted varied responses from different philosophers. One of the most famous approaches to morality is that of Immanuel Kant in his writing Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals. Kant in this work argues that the reason for doing a particular action or the drive to do good things is a fundamental basis of defining moral quality in a person. To him, an action could be considered morally right only if the motivation behind doing

British Colonialism the Kikuyu Resistance Free Essays

string(76) " probably read as any other generic history of African colonial resistance\." Colonisation appears to invariably cause conflict. Even where the proto-indigenous population is totally eliminated or absorbed, as in South Africa and Canada, and supplanted by new aboriginals (Canada) or settlers (South Africa), conflict will ensue as either new colonists arrive (Canada) or another wave of settlement arrives and collides (South Africa). The point might be, colonialism ends in violence. We will write a custom essay sample on British Colonialism the Kikuyu Resistance or any similar topic only for you Order Now It enervates one group to fight the other, no matter the odds. Colonialism must adapt to a new reality for peace to arrive. Much like the North American aboriginal experience, two major shifts occurred in the late 19th century Kikuyu area of Africa. First, a mass outbreak of epidemics took a catastrophic toll its the indigenous population. Then, the ensuing famine forced the devastated populations to vacate the areas they had traditionally farmed. These favourably fertile lands, coined as the White Highlands, became the focal point for British colonialism in Kenya. Parliament then encouraged its subjects (i. e. British citizens, East-European Jews, and United South African Boers) to settle the recently acquired land, marketing it as a â€Å"paradise lost†. This marked the second, more influential and important shift in Kenyan society: an influx of white-foreigners. Kikuyu resistance was limited and sporadic, as they ‘lacked a cohesive organized administration’, suppressed by the British colonials as ‘an assault on public order. Violence was sporadic and limited. The East African Protectorate did not command sufficient importance in London politics, and thus received little attention. In 1902, the East African Protectorate acquired fertile lands around Lake Victoria marking the beginning of railway expansion. The completion of the Mombasa-Victoria railway in 1903 shifted London’s perception on the importance of its newly acquired African land. Subsequently, with significant Parliamentary encouragement, European settlement surged into the East African Protectorate. Although seemingly a principle tenet of colonialism, the last priority of the settlers seemed to be the working of the land that they had acquired. Rather, they opted for cheap local labour, namely the Kikuyu, to work their plantation ‘cash crops’. Soon, London issued a sequence of edicts, laws, and policies to â€Å"encourage local support†. This ‘general policy’ removed the native Kikuyu from their traditionally perceived lands, and forced them either into remote and infertile reservations or semi-urban communities where they constituted a source of inexpensive labour. Such repressive policies were regarded as appropriate actions on the basis of racial supremacy, and therefore justifiable in the eyes of white-settlers, if executed within that perception of fairness. The locals were black, and perceived by whites as un-equal humans. In their eyes, the natives had no inherent right to the land and certainly it was widely-held by the colonists that they, the kikuyu, didn’t utilize it efficiently anyway. During the 1920s, Kenya’s white society reached a politically critical mass. British administration recognized its increasing affluence and influence. Consequently, London decisively established Kenya (named after the great mountain) as a colony, thereby trapping its indigenous population within a colonial system. They could not get rid of it and instead faced two options: be put to work as virtually another domestic animal, or be forced into a remote reservation. *Despite social repression, a relatively small number of Kikuyu were educated through established Missionary schools. Soon enough, this educated minority realized that the people were being ruled for and by European settlers. Natives were prohibited from cultivating the colony’s primary cash crop, or able to own land in ancestrally-farmed areas. Administratively held to low-wages, natives required ‘settler-controlled passbooks’ to travel freely. In light of these, and other, discriminatory state-sponsored practices, the Kikuyu Central Organization was formed. However, the evolution of the Kikuyu’s political and intellectual state was fought and opposed at every turn. During a 1920 peaceful protest over the arrest and exile of one of its leaders, uniformed police and settlers fired upon the Kikuyu Central Organization’s street gathering. This incident cemented the white’s discriminatory view of the natives, and further exacerbated the fear amongst the Kikuyu people. In 1925, London ruled that 150,000 Kikuyu â€Å"squatters† had no traditional ownership rights in settler areas, effectively eliminating the Kikuyu’s surviving economic and legal defenses. *Furthermore, the Kenya Land Commission of 1934 affirmed European title rights to virtually all fertile land within the colony. While the consequences were not immediate, they became increasingly visible as the Kikuyu population’s growth surged, creating severe overcrowding within reserve confines. The inverse relationship between power and population became apparent during the Second World War; when Kenya’s native opulation numbered 4. 3 million, while the white-settlers remained at around 25,000. There was no real cohesive political structure – a British appointee governed the colony. Despite a native population of over four million Kikuyu, the white minority completely dominated all colonial life. Aside from serving in the British Colonial Army and as reservation ‘chiefs’ and administrators appointed to enforce British rule, the natives were completely exempt from all colonial practices. In this context, the colonial administration justified the expulsion of close to one hundred thousand local Kikuyu from the â€Å"white areas†. With nearly every acre of fertile land expropriated for whites-only usage, the Kikuyu had only the overcrowded reservations, or equally destitute urban center ‘shantytowns’. Increasingly, the Kikuyu suffered economic and social deprivation, creating a politically explosive situation. The ensuing, increasing dissidence amongst the Kikuyu prompted the British authorities to criminalize the Kikuyu Central Association in 1940. Under the ruse of â€Å"a wartime security measure†, British colonialism destroyed the Kikuyu’s only peaceful means of expressing grievances, further exacerbating racial tensions within the colony. The collapse of Hitler’s Third Reich brought to light the ultimate horrors of ethnic supremacy. International revulsion at Nazi Germany’s actions subsequently evoked condemnation for the colonial repression of blacks. Consequently, colonial authorities decriminalized Kikuyu representation, allowing for the creation of the Kenyan African Union. This new organization sought recognition as a real political party, advocating the removal of discriminatory state practices. With only a handful of committed men as its primary leadership, it’s beginning was unpromising. Changing the names, locations, and dates in this sequence would probably read as any other generic history of African colonial resistance. You read "British Colonialism the Kikuyu Resistance" in category "Essay examples" Similar to other African insurgencies, the violence was scattered and sporadic, with a notable vendetta against the white-foreign oppression. What happened in Kenya, however, was distinctively a Kikuyu issue. Increasingly, large numbers of Kikuyu sought methods to organize themselves for strong political advocacy. ( The Kikuyu found neither justice nor substance in nationalism, religion, or Communism. Instead, the Kikuyu linked cultural traditions with the symbolism of ceremonial oath-taking, to encourage social and political unity. Unbeknownst to its membership, this practice effectively gave rise to an informal sense of nationhood within the Kikuyu people. Like all insurgencies The Emergency began modestly, starting in 1950 with only a group of a dozen young activists from the Kenyan African Union. Increasingly frustrated with ineffective bargaining with the whites, this group, the self-proclaimed Kiambaa Parliament, took the baby steps of resistance organization. The ensuing war between the natives, settlers and colonial authorities, which engulfed Kenyan society from 1952-1960, was indisputably brutal, archaic, and oppressive, during which only thirty-two European settlers and less than two hundred police and militia were killed. Why, then, did such a relatively small number of colonial deaths prompt such a blood-chilling rhetoric? Firstly, many of the insurgents were former ‘employees’ of the white-settlers who, while considering the majority of colonial settlers to be severe and even cruel, also considered many as kindly and caring, and were therefore loyal to their previous employers. In the eyes of the whites, â€Å"Jeeves had taken to the Jungle†. That these apparently loyal employees should revolt against their employers represented â€Å"the ultimate treachery; biting the hand that fed you†. To settlers, this act was all the evidence they needed to vilify the natives, cementing the racial stereotypes in mind. Secondly, the white settlers lacked a thorough understanding of the Kikuyu insurgent’s cohesion. The movement’s lack of nationalism or commitment to a religion or ideology, which gave other insurgencies a unity, evoked fury from the settlers. The Kikuyu’s leaders created unity through cultural traditions (i. e. ceremonial oath-taking), which was perceived by the settlers as ‘black magic’ or ‘witchcraft’. While the terms used would have been very different to the locals, the natives agreed with the resulting terror. The aforementioned ceremonial ‘oathing’ was designed to vilify normal behavioural codes, and psychologically ‘mark’ its taker. Participants transcended normative mental barriers that had constricted their actions, presumably making the participant emerge as a new person, a revolutionary; an itungati. New members were forced to commit acts, sometimes brutal and disturbing acts, to solidify commitment to the cause and the rebel brotherhood. Militants were thus altered into a different person, associated with other, similarly-changed members, within an organization from which it was extremely difficult, if not suicidal, to withdraw membership. The Mau Mau revolt certainly had grounds to take root. The South African and European settlers had appropriated all the land, land that the 1. 5 million Kikuyu perceived as their national patrimony. Converted into cheap market labour to work the lands, the Kikuyu were no more valuable to settlers than serfs to a lord. They had no civil rights to speak of, and were subjected to arbitrary state violence at the hands of militia and police. No effective say was allocated to Kikuyu in their own tribal affairs, let alone Kenyan affairs. Furthermore, while other African countries were moving closer towards freedom, Kenya was seemingly slipping further into white-minority control, as was happening in South African and Southern Rhodesia. Even when British authorities loosened the reigns on their colonies, it was only the white settlers who benefitted, not the natives. Therefore, the Kikuyu felt alienated in their cause and had no hope for improvement; instead, they feared the some twenty-five thousand whites who dominated them. Settlers were horrified to see their standard of living challenged, and demanded massive and indiscriminate suppression of â€Å"the savages†. The response was certainly to their liking. Sir Evelyn Baring, the newly-appointed colonial governor, found that his staff knew little to nothing about what had disaffected those Kikuyu who joined the Mau Mau revolt. Consultation with the British appointed Kikuyu chiefs served little purpose and, in a sense, exacerbated the situation. The chiefs simply vocalized what they felt that the British authorities wanted to hear, maintaining and protecting their own positions. However, Baring accepted uncritically the notion of illegitimacy behind the Kikuyu movement, concluding that â€Å"if you don’t get Kenyatta and those around him and shut them up somehow or other we are in a terrible, hopeless position†* Initially, it seemed as though the British government had fallen into the ‘counterinsurgency trap’, meeting increasing danger with increasing force. However, it was soon realized that force alone would ultimately fail, co-incidentally around the same time London parliament found the conflict â€Å"prohibitively expensive†. A new strategy focused on ‘rehabilitation’ that would not rely entirely on violence and oppression, but which nevertheless failed to recognize the key issue, the rule of Kenya by foreigners. British authorities looked over at Malaya for a ready â€Å"school† of â€Å"proper counterinsurgency†. Its colony had been combatting against a mainly ethnic Chinese rebellion since 1948*. However much other colonial models of counterinsurgency taught lessons, the Malaysian principle would fail in Kenya. Regarded as â€Å"irredeemable Communists†, British Malaysian authorities deported thousands of ethnic Chinese detainees as â€Å"foreigners†. It was impossible, however, to exile even the most committed Mau Mau Kikuyu as a â€Å"non-Kenyan foreigner†. Furthermore, the fervent hate of the Malays for the Chinese, who were far more intrusive and oppressive than the British, could not be replicated in Kenya since everyone was Kikuyu. Instead, Kenyan colonial policy reflected tactics deemed suitable to the local issues, internment camps coupled with robust grilling. British authorities decided that, above all else, information was needed on the Kikuyu resistance. Strategically, authorities sought an understanding as to why the Kikuyu supported the Mau Mau resistance; tactically, they sought who supported and supplied them. The process of grilling (i. e. interrogation under torture) provided authorities with information that was extorted through force. Once all they could glean was gathered from them, the remaining guerrillas (many died under examination) were placed within the internment camps, out of touch with the active resistance movement. Purely out of luck rather than strategy, did colonial authorities managed to apprehend the charismatic figurehead of the guerrilla movement, in January 1945: Waruhiu Itote. Intensive interrogation revealed all that the authorities wanted to know. Itote revealed everything from his headquarters location, to the support organization, to the size and structure of his guerrilla army. They were revealed to have less than half the fighting capability that the British had thought (i. e. around several thousand fighters, only), and seriously underequipped with a pitiful arsenal of weapons (e. g. 361 bolt action rifles/shotguns, 1 hand grenade, 1,230 ‘homemade weapons’). Surprisingly, much like Tito’s partisans, the Mau Mau had constructed a factory to manufacture and repair the rudimentary weapons they had stolen or created, all while receiving absolutely no external support. Despite the new-found intelligence, the British authorities were at a loss. Like all sensible guerrillas, Mau Maus fighters fled when at a disadvantage. The advantages of advanced aircraft and highly mobilized ground forces were negated by the Mau Mau ability to hide in the forests around Mount Kenya. Lacking progress, authorities pushed Itote to pursue peace negotiations, but gained no ground as neither party trusted the other. Instead colonial authorities utilized the hiatus to identify supporters, arresting over a thousand Kikuyu and beginning a massive detention campaign immediately after talks broke down. Effectively, British authorities imprisoned the entire Kikuyu urban population. Entire villages were de-populated; virtually every Kikuyu male was separated from his wife and children. Over thirty thousand people were plucked from their homes. Ultimately, the British authorities â€Å"packed up† close to 150,000 Kikuyu into interment camps. On a more ‘practical’ level colonial authority sought to encourage loyalty to the state by promising land to those who fought against the Mau Mau. Yet the insurgency did not cease. It became clear to the British authorities that two main problems had been greatly overlooked: the issue of land, and the ceremonial oath. In response, authorities created three separate answers for, what they perceived, as three separate problems. Firstly, to find a way to release the Kikuyu from their oaths of resistance, secondly, to meet the desperate hunger for land amongst the Kikuyu, and finally, to bring forward an acceptable leader to replace the militant Itote. The bitterest issue amongst the Kikuyu was the appropriation of tribal land. Coupled with the post-First World War population explosion, it turned large numbers of Kikuyu into landless labourers. Furthermore, the social policy implemented during the 1930s swelled the population. Those unlucky â€Å"white highlanders† would have no hope of finding land anywhere in the already overcrowded â€Å"cultivable leftovers†. Indeed with such bleak options available, large numbers flocked into urban centers. The surge of slums, particularly in Nairobi, housed the idle landless farmers who had no skill or trade to sustain their living. If Kenya wanted to achieve a lasting peace, this problem had to be addressed promptly. However, ruling authorities (under settler pressure) adamantly refused to â€Å"reward† Kikuyu rebels by the appropriation of land for them from the colonists, and instead proposed increasing current land productivity. Given contemporary fiscal, technological, and social restraints, the proposed policy had the effect of furthering the wealth of the white landowners without addressing the problem of the landless poor. As a result of colonial resistance to large-scale land distribution, over one million Kikuyu were packed into, Kenya’s version of, government-run villages. An improvisation on the ontemporary fortified village program run by the British in Malaya, the inhabitants regarded them as vile prison camps, almost a step down from the internment camps. Even assuming that these villages were acceptable, the land assigned to them was of poor quality, leaving the only source of fertile farming land within the white community. Ultimately, however, reluctant colonial aut horities agreed on the repurchase of settler land for native use. From a more military perspective, colonial authorities agreed the second step would be to stop, or at the very least diminish, the impact of the ceremonial-oaths being taken. Seeking to remedy the issue of zealous commitment, the colonial government commissioned Louis Leakey to create â€Å"un-oathing ceremony†. Renowned for his anthropological work, Leakey’s perception was that Christianity was the greatest counterinsurgency tactic available. He promptly created a program for rehabilitation. With a strong understanding of the Kikuyu’s culture, Leakey knew full well that such a ceremony could remove the moral commitment of many Mau Mau rank –and-file. For the time it was certainly a radical approach to counterinsurgency strategy, and was the most effective application devised. Under this program of rehabilitation over repression, colonial authorities encouraged defection. However this program was far from infallible. Those who opted out were left with long-term imprisonment, or hanging. Ultimately, after a token trial for the suspected Mau Mau sympathizers, colonial authorities hanged a gruesome tally of 1,090 Kikuyu. Such a number reflects upon its oppressive implementers, that justice under British colonial rule in Kenya â€Å"was a blunt, brutal and unsophisticated instrument of oppression†. (p. 122) Conclusively, the white settlers lost their ‘dirty war’. Ultimately, no military or security forces can recreate the pre-insurgency situation. Killing sympathizers and soldiers, hanging the leadership, and interning masses of innocent people creates an uncontrollable socio-political situation. London would no longer condone the actions of the Kenyan white minority. Parliament only saw a dwindling treasury, diminishing international prestige, and no substantial progress towards a solution. So, in 1959, the conservative government sought a tabla-rasa and began dismantling the legal framework of the Kenyan police-state. Finally, the tables had turned, and the white supremacists’ world shattered. The white settlers would be forced to sell their lands now that Kenyans had been given majority rule and open land franchise. The 1961 national reconciliation begun by Jomo Kenyatta, paved the way for independence in 1963. It was the actions of Kenyatta which subdued the Mau Mau rebels. With strong support from London, Kenyatta was able to give the people what they cried for, what the Mau Mau fought for, and what all nations ultimately desire: independence. How to cite British Colonialism the Kikuyu Resistance, Essay examples